| Date |
Scientist |
Contribution |
1801
|
Haüy
|
Traité
de minéralogie; classification of rocks on texture. Laid groundwork of
modern crystallography.
|
1802
|
Playfair
|
Popular
interpretation of Hutton's ideas.
|
|
de
Montlosier
|
Recognition
of the relationship of basaltic peaks to lava plateaus of the Auvergne.
|
1804
|
Watt
|
Radial
crystallization of basalts.
|
|
Thomson,
G.
|
First
described structure in meteorites named the Widmanstätten pattern by
Schreibers (1820). Discounted "celestial origin."
|
1805
|
Hall
|
Fused
rocks reproducing texture of natural rock.
|
1807
|
|
First
geological society founded: Geological Society of London.
|
1808
|
von
Widmanstätten
|
Microscopical
study of meteoritic iron in polished section. Structure called
Widmanstätten pattern by Schreibers (l820). See Thomson (1804).
|
1810
|
von
Buch
|
Defined
gabbro (feldspars were saussuritized).
|
|
von
Buch
|
First
geologic map of Germany.
|
|
Humboldt
|
Volcanoes
aligned along fissures. Earthquakes related to volcanism.
|
1811
|
Pinkerton
|
"Petralogy,
a treatise on rocks (1200p)"
|
|
Haüy
|
Mineralogical
classification of rocks (In letter to von Leonhard).
|
1812
|
Hall
|
Experiments
on calcite stability under pressure.
|
|
Cuvier
|
Catastrophic
concept of earth changes both physical and biological.
|
1813
|
Brongniart
|
Mineralogical
classification of rocks. (Makes no reference to Haüy, 1811)
|
|
Berzelius
|
First
record of polished section study of opaque sulfide minerals (letter to
publisher).
|
1814
|
Berzelius
|
Mineral
classification based on electro- chemical theory and chemical proportions.
|
1815
|
Cordier
|
Analyzed
separate minerals from basalt.
|
|
Smith
|
First
geologic map of England.
|
18l6
|
Hausmann
|
Compared
magmas with metallurgical slags.
|
1818
|
Webster
|
First
analysis of an American rock.
|
|
von
Buch
|
Settling
of feldspar in obsidian by gravity.
|
1819
|
Breislak
|
Aqueous
inclusions in igneous minerals are evidence of water present during
crystallization.
|
|
Mitscherlich
|
Isomorphism.
|
|
Boué
|
Metamorphism.
|
1821
|
Maccullock
|
Classification
of rock formations.
|
|
Seebeck
|
Discovered
thermoelectric effect in thermocouples.
|
1822
|
Haüy
|
Traite
de mineralogie. Defined the rock eclogite. (See Fermor, 1913).
|
1823
|
von
Leonhardt
|
Characteristik
der Felsarten. First consistent classification of rocks.
|
|
Brewster
|
Disruption
of topaz on heating due to expansion of fluid inclusions.
|
1825
|
von
Buch
|
Centers
and bands of volcanic action. Concept of a caldera. Reported experimental
demonstration by de Drée of the settling of feldspar in a melt held in a
crucible.
|
|
Scrope
|
Volcanic
rocks erupted from crystalline rocks fluidized by water. Explains basalt and
trachyte by differentiation from granitic parent. Expansive force of gases in
lavas.
|
1826
|
Naumann
|
Defined
metasomatism.
|
|
Perkins
|
First
construction of a free-piston pressure guage.
|
1827
|
Brongniart
|
First
to distinguish minerals from rocks. Structure vs. texture. Mineralogical
classification. Introduces distinction based on origin.
|
|
Cordier
|
Measured
thermal gradient at earth's surface.
|
1828
|
Nicol
|
Thin
sections of fossil wood.
|
1830
|
Lyell
|
Estimated
age of earth on basis of time for change of species at 240 My. Revolutionary
treatise rejecting neptunism.
|
1832
|
von
Buch
|
Edited
geologic map of Germany. (See 1810).
|
|
von
Leonhardt
|
Basalt
is volcanic with contact phenomena.
|
1833
|
Lyell
|
Defined
metamorphic (see Boué, 1819). Promoted the principle of
uniformitarianism.
|
1834
|
Talbot
|
Used
Nicol prism in testing minerals in polarized light.
|
|
Clapeyron
|
Relationship
for calculating the change of melting temperature with pressure.
|
|
Fournet
|
Associated
ore deposits with igneous intrusions.
|
1837
|
Fuchs
|
Minerals
in granite not crystallized in order of fusibility. Granite formed by
consolidation of amorphous magma saturated with water.
|
1838
|
Schönbein
|
First
used word "geochemistry" to describe study of chemical and physical properties
of rock formations.
|
|
Keilhau
|
Granitification:
Transformation of pre- existing rocks into granite and syenite.
|
|
Gressly
|
Defined
facies to designate lithologic and paleontologic characteristics of a definite
sedimentary stratigraphic unit.
|
|
Gauss
|
Developed
general theory of magnetism for the earth.
|
1839
|
Ehrenberg
|
Microscopic
study of chalks and limestones.
|
1841
|
Abich
|
Rock
classification based on feldspars. Related to degree of saturation with silica
(See Loewinson-Lessing, 1890).
|
|
Scheerer
|
Water
in magmas increases fluidity and lowers temperature of consolidation.
|
|
Daubrée
|
Emphasized
importance of fluorine in ore deposits. Ores deposited from vapors ascending to
surface through fissures.
|
|
Gay-Lussac
|
First
suggestion of the law of successive reactions. (See Oswald, 1893).
|
1842
|
Hopkins
|
Deduced
from planetary motions that earth's crust was at least 800-1000 miles thick and
might be solid to the center, except for small vesicular spaces filled with
magma. Source of magma: residual lakes.
|
1843
|
Boué
|
Distribution
of chemical elements in crust.
|
|
Phillips
|
First
to interpret slaty cleavage as an effect of mechanical strain.
|
1844
|
Darwin
|
Floating
of porphyritic crystals gives rise to trachyte first and basalt second. Gravity
settling. Squeezing and leaching out of magma. Dike formation.
|
|
Fournet
|
Theory
of "surfusion": Fusion point lowering.
|
1845
|
Schafhäutl
|
Quartz
grown in superheated water.
|
|
Dana
|
Minerals
in rocks dependent on temperature, pressure and cooling rate.
|
|
Durocher
|
Discussion
of the origin of granitic rocks.
|
1847
|
Bischof
|
Initiated
summary of chemical transformation of minerals and rocks: Four volumes on
geochemistry.
|
|
Beaumont
|
Distribution
of chemical elements in crust (see Boué, 1843). Divided rocks into acid
and basic classes.
|
|
Durocher
|
Used
the term "magma" in the modern petrological sense of a partially or completely
molten rock.
|
|
Sedgwick
|
Metamorphism
of sedimentary rocks. Slaty cleavage.
|
|
Bunsen
|
First
analysis of a volcanic gas from a fumerole. Dominant constituent is water.
|
1848
|
Thomson
|
Definition
of temperature scale independent of properties of materials.
|
|
Delesse
|
Originator
of geometric analysis by areal measurement.
|
1849
|
Breithaupt
|
Paragenesis
of minerals.
|
|
Dana
|
Magmas
all liquid first; slow cooling; heat and pressure determine rock formation.
Eruptions result from inflation of gases. Extinction age of Hawaiian volcanoes
decreases regularly from the northwest.
|
|
Naumann
|
First
use of "petrography" in sense of petrology. Used "petrogeny" to describe rock
genesis and defined eruptive rocks.
|
|
Whitley
|
First
description of pillow lavas.
|
1850
|
Boisse
|
Composition
of meteorites relevant to bulk composition of the earth.
|
1851
|
Bunsen
|
Magma
types: two extremes in separate reservoirs. Mixed "normal pyroxenite" with
"normal trachyte" to get intermediates. Magmas are solutions: Same principles
that apply to behavior of salts in water.
|
|
de
Sénarmont
|
Introduction
of hydrothermal synthesis. Mineral synthesis with water in a glass tube within
a sealed steel tube.
|
|
Sorby
|
First
description of microscopical structure of rocks in thin section. (See
preparation of thin sections by Nicol, 1828).
|
1852
|
Oschatz
|
Exhibited
50 microscopic slides of mineral sections.
|
1853
|
Sartorius
von Waltershausen
|
Layered
shells; siliceous upper layer Feldspathic and siliceous rocks are oldest.
Gradual cooling gives rise to more basic rocks. Continuum of magmas. Gives
geocentric pressure of earth as 2.49 million atmospheres.
|
1854
|
Ehrenberg
|
"Mikrogeologie."
|
|
Maury
|
Bathymetric
revelation of the mid- Atlantic ridge.
|
|
Whitney
|
Downward
enrichment of ore deposits by meteoric waters.
|
|
Hunt
|
Plagioclase
defined as a solid solution.
|
1855
|
von
Cotta
|
Rocks
as mineral aggregates: one grading into the other. Genetic classification.
|
|
von
Cotta
|
First
major synthesis of theories of ore deposition.
|
|
Kjerulf
|
Emplacement
by assimilation.
|
|
Lyell
|
Age
vs. composition (siliceous always oldest). Denser magmas emitted last.
|
|
Fick
|
Diffusion
law.
|
1856
|
Ludwig
|
Discovered
principle attributed later to Soret.
|
|
Highley
|
First
record of upright polarizing microscope.
|
|
Durocher
|
Injection
theory for the formation of granite.
|
1857
|
Durocher
|
Two
layers of magma, gravity separated. Small amount of intermediates. Idea of
liquation. Claims that he, not Bunsen (1851), originated two-magma idea.
"Hybrid" rocks from magma mixing. Notes similarity of magmas and alloys.
|
|
Jukes
|
Objects
to magma zoning because of alternating layers. Single parent. Relates
composition to location. Refractory material at greater depths, squeeze out
more fusible portions.
|
|
Delesse
|
Contact
metamorphism: alteration of rocks in proximity of igneous rock.
|
|
Daubreé
|
Used
glass-sealed tube with water to grow quartz.
|
|
Senft
|
Applied
chemical factors to rock classification.
|
|
Coquand
|
Divided
rocks into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic.
|
1858
|
von
Cotta
|
Parental
universal basic magma. Continuous basaltic layer below acid crust. Variations
due to assimilation of siliceous crust.
|
|
Sorby
|
Microscopic
description of rocks with water vesicles in quartz.
|
|
Oschatz
|
Presumed
to have invented thin- section technique earlier. (See 1852)
|
|
Snider
|
Earth
rifted, continents pushed apart, and Atlantic ocean formed.
|
1859
|
Green
|
Observed
formation of pillows forming in lava from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, entering the sea.
(Publ. 1875).
|
|
Phillips
|
Estimated
age of the earth on basis of rate of sedimentation at 96M years.
|
1861
|
Bunsen
|
Magma
described as a solution in a letter to Streng. Proportions of constituents
determines order of crystallization.
|
|
Roth
|
Published
table of rock analyses to date. Chemical classification of rocks based on
feldspar and quartz.
|
|
Scheerer
|
Refuted
igneous origin of granite on basis of quartz melting argument.
|
1862
|
Daubrée
|
Converted
volcanic glass to trachyte in super- heated water.
|
|
Jukes
|
Common
origin of volcanic rocks; minerals separated by different P, T conditions and
"take up of ingredients."
|
|
Scrope
|
Second
edition of "Volcanoes." Gravity separation; squeezing out of more fusible
minerals.
|
|
Thoulet
|
Prepared
solution for heavy mineral separation.
|
|
Thomson,
J.
|
Compressive
stress increases solubility of a crystal.
|
|
Thomson,
W.
|
Calculated
elapsed time since earth cooled from the temperature of solidification
(3710deg. C.) as 20-400 million years. (Publ. 1863).
|
|
Dana
|
Originator
of the hypothesis of a cooling and contracting earth.
|
1863
|
Bischof
|
"Chemical
Geology"; Unable to reduce rock to simple chemical formula.
|
|
Thomson,
W.
|
Columnar
basalt due to contraction on cooling.
|
|
Zirkel
|
Established
systematic microscopic study of rocks.
|
|
De
Serres
|
Expressed
average composition of the earth's crust in terms of minerals.
|
|
Mühry
|
First
record of the term "geophysics."
|
1864
|
Tschermak
|
Concept
of solid solutions (See Hunt, 1854).
|
|
Kelvin
|
Age
of earth calculated on basis of secular cooling.
|
1866
|
Fouqué
|
Mechanism
of volcanoes and petrography of lavas of Santorini.
|
|
Ramsay
|
Granite
is metamorphic rock resulting from heat and alkaline waters.
|
|
Zirkel
|
First
edition of "Lehrbuch der Petrographie."
|
1867
|
Vogelsang
|
Processes
of magma consolidation. Described CO2 inclusions.
|
|
Croll
|
Estimated
age of the earth on basis of rate of sediment accumulation at 72M years. (Publ.
1868).
|
|
Forbes
|
Chemical
geology. (See Roth, 1883).
|
|
Guldberg
and Waage
|
Law
of mass action.
|
1868
|
Richthofen
|
Succession
of magmas, earliest was most siliceous. Crystallization due to pressure release.
|
1869
|
Amagat
|
Initiated
experiments on gases and liquids at high pressures and temperatures. Designed new packing scheme. Observed departures from Boyle's law.
|
1870
|
Tschermak
|
Differentiated
hornblende, augite, and biotite microscopically.
|
|
Zirkel
|
Classic
study of basalts; classified by feldspar, nepheline and leucite.
|
1872
|
Mallett
|
Mechanical
production of local lakes of fusion.
|
|
Vogelsang
|
First
hint of petrographic provinces.
|
1873
|
Wright
|
First
microscopic investigation of rocks in U.S.
|
|
Zirkel
|
Textbook
on microscopic study of rocks.
|
|
Rosenbusch
|
Textbook
on microscopic study of rocks.
|
1874
|
Cohen
|
Described
volcanic pipe of diamond- bearing tuff (letter dated 20 Sept l872).
|
|
Michel-Levy
|
Described
vermicular intergrowths of quartz and plagioclase. (See Sederholm, 1899).
|
1875
|
von
Lasaulx
|
Morphological
classification of rocks.
|
|
Mallet
|
Columnar
structure of basalt.
|
|
Des
Cloizeaux
|
Optical
determination of composition of plagioclase.
|
|
Green
|
Earth
contains a molten substratum with a thin solid crust. (Cf. Daly, 1944)
|
1876
|
Zirkel
|
Microscopic
study of King's 40th Parallel rocks.
|
|
Gibbs
|
Phase
rule published.
|
|
Hawes
|
First
memoir in U.S. on petrography of rocks.
|
|
Hall,
M.
|
First
description of oceanic basalt.
|
|
Reyer
|
First
variational analysis to delimit types of igneous rocks.
|
1877
|
Gilbert
|
Laccoliths
of Henry Mountains.
|
|
Reyer
|
Employed
diagram to represent relative quantities of rock constituents.
|
1878
|
Dana
|
Rocks
are mixtures of minerals like mud. Related texture and occurrence. Average
magma erupted before density separation.
|
|
King
|
Localized
magmas. Pressure release for fusion. Density controlled. Acid first, pyroxene
magma later. Specific-gravity separation of crystals in magma.
|
1879
|
Daubrée
|
"Experimental
Geologie"
|
|
Fouqué
and Michel-Lévy
|
"Minéralogie
micrographique des roches éruptives françaises."
|
|
King
|
U.S.
Geological Survey organized.
|
|
Irving
|
First
systematic instruction of microscopic petrography in the U. S. (Univ. Wisc.
Catalog for 1879-80)
|
|
Reade
|
Estimated
age of earth on basis of rate of chemical denudation at 600M years.
|
|
Kjerulf
|
Assimilation
theory (See 1855).
|
1880
|
Lagorio
|
Glassy
groundmass was solvent for magmatic oxides.
|
|
Dutton
|
Magma
generated by local increase in heat, pressure release, or lowering of melting
point by water absorption.
|
|
Newberry
|
Relates
hot springs to filling of veins. Chemical precipitates from ascending hot water
and steam.
|
|
Favre
|
Experimental deformation by compression.
|
1881
|
Soret
|
Stated
thermodiffusion concept. (See Ludwig, l856).
|
|
Poynting
|
Deduced
relationship for melting point depression by pressure acting only on solid.
(See Thomson, J., 1862; Riecke, 1895).
|
|
Beckenkamp
|
Measured
dihedral angles of anorthite up to 200deg. C. and calculated coefficient of
thermal expansion.
|
|
Friedel
and Sarasin
|
Lined
pressure vessels with Cu or Pt for hydrothermal experiments.
|
|
Michel-Levy
|
Feldspathization
by "imbibition."
|
1882
|
Fouqué
and Michel-Lévy
|
Synthesis
of rocks and minerals with out superheated water. Demonstrated "isochemical"
transformation of mineral assemblages.
|
|
Becker
|
Theory
of lateral secretion for generation of ore deposits.
|
|
Brögger
|
Petrography
of Kristiania rocks.
|
|
Rosenbusch
|
Proposed
empirical rules describing the order of crystallization of minerals in an
igneous rock.
|
1883
|
Clarke
|
Established
laboratory for chemical analysis of rocks in U. S. Geological Survey.
|
|
Roth
|
Textbook
on chemical geology.
|
|
Lemberg
|
Experimental
formation of silicates in a copper "digester." Studied absorption of water in
natural glasses.
|
1884
|
Guthrie
|
Defined
eutectic and applied to the crystallization of granite.
|
|
Vogt
|
Studied
slags: igneous rocks at eutectics. Pioneer in application of physical chemistry
to silicate magmas.
|
|
Van't
Hoff
|
Phase
incompatibility.
|
|
Le
Chatelier
|
Theorem:
Changes outside a system followed by reverse changes within a system.
|
|
Lossen
|
Distinguishes
differences in mineral compositions between contact and regional metamorphism.
|
|
Koto
|
First
microscopic study of Japanese rocks.
|
|
Phillips
|
Continuum
between magmatic and meteoric solutions.
|
1885
|
Suess
|
Atlantic
and Pacific rock types. Defines batholith and concept of forcable emplacement.
|
|
Lapworth
|
Concept
of mylonization: Extreme granulation and shearing of rocks through dynamic
metamorphism. (Publ. 1886).
|
|
Liveing
|
Step
rule of chemical reaction. (See Ostwald, l893).
|
|
DeKroutschoff
|
Spectral
analysis of minerals.
|
1886
|
Judd
|
Petrographic
provinces.
|
|
Hunt
|
Metasomatic
hypothesis for the origin of crystalline rocks.
|
|
Emmons
|
Ore
deposits due to replacement of country rock by descending solutions leaching
metals from country rocks.
|
|
Doelter
|
Synthesis
of rocks and minerals.
|
|
Seger
|
Used
series of cones with fixed temperature of fusion to estimate relative high
temperatures in a kiln. (trans. and publ. by Hecht and Cramer, 1902).
|
1887
|
Lagorio
|
Crystallized
glassy groundmass thereby illuminating the processes of crystallization in a magma. Emphasized com- position: temperature and pressure are subordinate.
|
|
Stecher
|
Mineral composition of rock at time of intrusion represented by rapidly cooled margins.
|
|
Le
Chatelier
|
Used
Pt-Rh thermocouple. (See Barus, 1889).
|
|
Lewis
|
Volcanic
breccia of porphyritic mica- bearing peridotite described as kimberlite.
|
|
Lawson
|
Refusion
of pre-Keewatin rocks to form Laurentian granites.
|
|
Gouy
and Chaperon
|
Sedimentation
in a solution (e.g., magma) with accumulation of particles at the bottom
results in local increase in osmotic pressure and the tendency of particles to
diffuse upward.
|
1888
|
Teall
|
British
petrography with special reference to igneous rocks. Interpreted pegmatites as
eutectic.
|
|
Bertrand
|
Igneous
rock distribution in Europe. Correlated orogenesis with eruptives.
|
|
Kozerovsky
|
Demonstrated
experimentally the isomorphism of the plagioclases. Generated basalt by
fusion of mineral constituents.
|
1889
|
Morozewicz
|
Experimental
formation of minerals in magma.
|
|
Iddings
|
"Crystallization
of igneous rocks." Emphasized derivation of magmas from a common intermediate
magma. Defined phenocrysts.
|
|
Barus
|
Published
earlier studies on thermocouples. Preferred Pt-Ir. (See Le Chatelier, l887).
|
|
Rosenbusch
|
Described
differentiation of original uniform magma. Refutes liquation idea of Durocher;
prefers concept of "spaltung" (separation into chemically different magmas).
(See Daly, 1925).
|
|
Stefan
|
Theory
for solving the cooling of a lava flow or a lava lake.
|
|
Clarke
|
Relative
abundance of the chemical elements in the earth's crust. Searched for but did
not find periodicity of the elements.
|
|
Rebeur-Paschwitz
|
First
record of an earthquake (Tokyo, 18 April 1889) with a horizontal pendulum.
|
1890
|
Dana
|
Mechanics
of eruption of Hawaiian volcanoes.
|
|
Brögger
|
Common
parentage of alkaline rocks of southern Norway. Not from universal fluid, but
from successive eruptions out of a separate reservoir.
|
|
Iddings
|
First
use of the variation diagram. Often referred to as a Harker diagram. (See 1909).
|
|
Loewinson-Lessing
|
Chemical
classification of eruptive rocks. Diagramatic plots of constituents. Concept of
silica saturation (See Shand 1913).
|
1891
|
Vogt
|
Molecular
diffusion without separation of minerals.
|
|
Sederholm
|
Used
term "rapakivi texture"to describe ovoids of perthitic microcline mantled with
oligoclase in some granites. (See Hjärne, 1694).
|
|
Hatch
|
Textbook
of igneous petrology.
|
|
Nernst
|
Distribution
law: Constant ratio between concentrations of a molecular species in any two
phases at constant temperature.
|
|
Roberts-Austin
and Rücker
|
Measured
specific heat of basalt in drop calorimeter (See Barus, 1893).
|
1892
|
Iddings
|
First Professor of Petrology so named in world (University of Chicago).
|
|
Iddings
|
Recognition
of isochemical rocks from a magma solidifying under variety of physical conditions producing different mineral assemblages (Yellowstone Park).
|
|
Iddings
|
Defined
two broad groups of igneous rocks: Alkali and sub-alkali. (See Harker, 1896).
|
|
Dakyns
and Teall
|
Continuous
process from one magma; basic to siliceous, transitions rare.
|
|
Clarke
|
Calculated
average composition of common igneous rocks.
|
|
Kirk
|
Plastic
deformation of marble at high confining pressures.
|
|
Reyer
|
Experimental
demonstration with plaster of the mechanics of intrusion, eruption, and flow of
magma.
|
|
Dutton
|
Concept
of isostasy: gravitational equilibrium of regions of different mass and density.
|
1893
|
Barus
|
Measured
specific heat of diabase. Calculated change of melting point with pressure.
Determined volume change on melting.
|
|
King
|
Estimated
change of pressure with depth in the earth, reaching 3.02 million atmospheres
at the center, from Laplace's formula for density distribution with radius.
|
|
Zirkel
|
Second
edition of textbook on petrography. Considered most comprehensive.
|
|
Bakhuis
Roozeboom
|
Application
of Gibbs thermodynamic theory to multicomponent phase equilibria.
|
|
van
Rijn van Alkemade
|
Theorem
regarding the maximum of temperature on a boundary curve crossed by a line connecting the composition of the two solid phases. (Alkemade theorem).
|
|
Ostwald
|
Law of successive reactions. (See also Ostwald, 1897, and Gay-Lussac, 1842).
|
|
Lepsius
|
Volume law: Increase in pressure led to formation of minerals of higher specific
gravity.
|
|
Fedorov
|
Universal
stage for the petrographic microscope.
|
|
Lea
|
Shearing
stress increases rate of certain chemical reactions.
|
|
Barrow
|
Introduced
concept of progressive regional metamorphism. Used critical index minerals to
define metamorphic zones (Barrow's zones). Associated regional metamorphism
with magmatic heat. Proposed filtration differentiation, squeezing off of
residual liquid.
|
|
Teall
|
Pillow
lavas of submarine origin.
|
|
Williams,
H. S.
|
First
use of the term geochronology to describe geologic time scale.
|
|
Geikie
|
Refers
to rocks injected or impregnated with abundance of granite "substance" as
"granitised." Granitisation (also granitization). (See Durocher, 1856; Bell,
1906).
|
|
Lacroix
|
Described
blocks of gneiss transformed to porous glass by enclosing basalt.
|
|
Amagat
|
Summarized
25 years of work up to 3 Kbar and 200o C. on compressibility of
gases and liquids. Describes special packing technique. (See Amagat, 1869).
|
1894
|
Lowenherz
|
First
phase diagram for Stassfurt salt deposits.
|
|
Lacroix
|
Nodular
inclusions in basalts related to the host rock. (Cf. Heritsch, 1908).
|
|
Posepny
|
Ore
deposits from hot waters ascending from depth where solubility of all
substances increase with higher temperature and pressure.
|
1895
|
Högbom
|
Alnö
carbonatite.
|
|
Riecke
|
Application
of the Thomson effect to geological materials: Solubility of a crystal
increases under nonhomogeneous pressure (stress). (See Thomson, J., 1862).
|
|
Harker
|
Atlantic
and Pacific facies of eruptive rocks.
|
|
Dana
|
Earth
solidified from the center outward.
|
1896
|
Becquerel
|
Discovery
of radioactivity.
|
|
Wiechert
|
Used
geophysical data to support concept of an earth's core made of iron.
|
1897
|
Becker
|
Fractional
crystallization. Superheat in magmas unlikely. Estimated kinetic viscosity of
flowing lava.
|
|
Becker
|
Considers
diffusion as unimportant in rock differentiation.
|
|
Geikie
|
Description
of eroded volcanoes of Great Britain. Space and time distributions of rocks.
|
|
Teall
|
Iron-enrichment
concept.
|
|
Hillebrand
|
Methods
of chemical analysis for silicate rocks.
|
|
Goodchild
|
Age
of earth estimated from rate of accumulation of limestone.
|
|
Sederholm
|
Proposed
vermicular intergrowths described by Michel Levy as myrmekite. Represent
latest stages of consolidation of a magma or ultrametamorphism.
|
1898
|
Morozewicz
|
Synthesis
of rocks in clay pots.
|
|
Rosiwal
|
Geometrical
method of areal measurement.
|
|
Van
Hise
|
Deformation
by rock flowage.
|
|
Joly
|
Used
platinum strip furnace to determine the melting point of rocks and minerals.
|
|
Wiechert
|
First
professorial chair in geophysics (Göttingen University).
|
|
Lane
|
First
application of Fourier's (1822) heat conduction equation to the variation of
grain size in a dike or sill.
|
1899
|
Barus
|
Absorption
of water in hot glass.
|
|
Joly
|
Estimated
age of earth on basis of rate of accumulation of Na + K in ocean at 90M years.
|
|
Bonney
|
Discovered
diamond in eclogite nodule from kimberlite. Considered eclogite parental rock
of diamond.
|